计算机专业英语
Unit 1—5 复习手册

U1-S01

A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.

计算机是一种可以通过计算机编程自动执行一系列算术或逻辑运算的机器。

that can be instructed ...修饰machine；be instructed to do可译“按指令做……”。不要漏译automatically。

U1-S02

The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible physical objects.

硬件这个术语涵盖了计算机中所有有形的物理部件。

hardware在此指有形部件；covers译“涵盖”，不是“盖住”。

U1-S03

A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices.

通用计算机有四个主要部件：算术逻辑单元（ALU）、控制单元、存储器以及输入和输出设备。

并列项实际按功能分为四组，input and output devices是一组；ALU必须译出“算术”和“逻辑”。

U1-S04

The control unit manages the computer’s various components; it reads and interprets the program instructions, transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer.

控制单元管理计算机的各个组件；它读取并解释程序指令，将其转换为激活计算机其他部件的控制信号。

分号前后共享主语control unit；transforming表示伴随过程；that activate ...修饰signals。

U1-S05

A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.

所有CPU共有的一个关键部件是程序计数器，它是一个特殊的存储单元，用于跟踪下一条指令将从内存中的哪个位置读取。

a special memory cell是program counter的同位语；which location引导宾语从句；末尾from不能漏掉其来源含义。

U1-S06

A computer’s memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read.

计算机的内存可以看作是一系列单元，数字可以被放入或从中读出。

into which引出定语从句；中文调整为“可向其中存入或从中读出数字的……”。

U1-S07

In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte).

在几乎所有的现代计算机中，每个存储单元被设置为以8位（称为一个字节）为一组存储二进制数。

in groups of是“以……为一组”；1 byte = 8 bits；binary numbers译“二进制数”。

U1-S08

The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area.

CPU包含一组称为寄存器的特殊存储单元，其读写速度比主存储器快得多。

called registers为后置修饰；that指memory cells；more rapidly than为速度比较。

U1-S09

Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM).

计算机主存储器主要有两种：随机存取存储器（RAM）和只读存储器（ROM）。

comes in two varieties译“主要有两种”；RAM是随机存取，ROM是只读。

U1-S10

The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU).

控制单元、ALU和寄存器统称为中央处理器（CPU）。

collectively known as译“统称为”；勿把寄存器遗漏。

U2-S01

Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices.

软件是用于操作计算机及相关设备的各种程序的总称。

used to operate ...修饰programs，不是过去“曾经操作”；a general term为“总称”。

U2-S02

Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer and hardware the invariable part.

软件可以被看作计算机的可变部分，而硬件是不可变部分。

and hardware the invariable part省略can be thought of as；这里是课内概括，并不表示硬件永远不能更换。

U2-S03

Software is often divided into application software and system software.

软件通常分为应用软件和系统软件。

be divided into固定译“分为”；application是应用，不是申请。

U2-S04

An operating system is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer.

操作系统是一种程序，它在由引导程序最初加载到计算机后，管理计算机中的所有其他程序。

主干An operating system is the program that manages ...；after being ...为插入的时间条件。

U2-S05

Application software is all the computer software that causes a computer to perform useful tasks beyond the running of the computer itself.

应用软件是使计算机执行除运行计算机本身之外有用任务的所有计算机软件。

that causes ...修饰software；beyond ...强调“计算机自身运行之外”。

U2-S06

The system software serves the application, which in turn serves the user.

系统软件服务于应用程序，而应用程序又服务于用户。

which指application；in turn译“又；转而”，保留服务层次。

U2-S07

Middleware is a general term for any programming that serves to “glue together” or mediate between two separate and often already existing programs.

中间件是一个通用术语，指用于连接两个相互独立且通常已经存在的程序，或在它们之间起中介作用的程序。

glue together是“连接整合”的比喻；programming在此可译“程序代码／程序”，不是仅译“编程动作”。

U2-S08

Firmware is the combination of persistent memory and program code and data stored in it.

固件是持久性存储器及存储在其中的程序代码和数据的组合。

persistent memory宜译“持久性存储器”；it指memory；不要把代码与数据拆离其存储关系。

U2-S09

Firmware is held in nonvolatile memory devices such as ROM, EPROM, or flash memory.

固件保存在非易失性存储器设备中，例如ROM、EPROM或闪存。

nonvolatile译“非易失性”，即断电仍保留数据；such as引出例子。

U2-S10

Web applications are written with HTML, JavaScript and other Web-native technologies and typically require one to be online and running a Web browser.

Web应用程序使用HTML、JavaScript和其他Web原生技术编写，通常需要在线并运行Web浏览器。

are written with译“使用……编写”；one在此指使用者；online与running并列。

U3-S01

In computing, a program is a specific set of ordered operations for a computer to perform.

在计算领域，程序是一组供计算机执行的特定有序操作。

ordered operations宜译“有序操作”，上传答案的“命令”未充分体现ordered。

U3-S02

Programs can be characterized as interactive or batch in terms of what drives them and how continuously they run.

根据驱动程序的方式及其运行的连续程度，可将程序分为交互式程序或批处理程序。

必须译全in terms of what drives them and how continuously they run：根据驱动它们的方式和运行的连续程度，可将程序分为交互式或批处理式。

U3-S03

When you create a program, you write it using some kind of computer language.

当创建一个程序时，你使用某种计算机语言来编写它。

When引导时间状语从句；it指program。

U3-S04

Structured programming is a subset of procedural programming that enforces a logical structure on the program being written to make it more efficient and easier to understand and modify.

结构化程序设计是过程程序设计的一个子集，它强制程序具有逻辑结构，使其更有效、更容易理解和修改。

a subset of译“……的子集”；to make ...表示目的；三个并列结果是高效、易理解、易修改。

U3-S05

A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular programming language and turns them into machine language or “code” that a computer’s processor uses.

编译器是一个特殊的程序，它处理用特定编程语言编写的语句，并将其转换成计算机处理器使用的机器语言或代码。

主干compiler is a program；that后processes与turns并列；a computer’s processor uses修饰code。

U3-S06

An interpreter is a program that executes instructions written in a high-level language.

解释器是执行用高级语言编写的指令的程序。

that executes ...为定语从句；written in ...后置修饰instructions。

U3-S07

High level languages are similar to the human language.

高级语言与人类语言相似。

be similar to是“与……相似”；不是完全相同。

U3-S08

High level language provides higher level of abstraction from machine language.

高级语言提供了对机器语言的更高层次的抽象。

宜译“高级语言提供比机器语言更高层次的抽象”；原英文level前宜补a，但背诵时可识别原题措辞。

U3-S09

A scripting language is a high-level programming language that is interpreted by another program at runtime rather than compiled by the computer’s processor.

脚本语言是一种高级编程语言，由另一个程序在运行时解释，而不是由计算机处理器编译。

that is interpreted修饰language；at runtime不要漏译；rather than表示对照。课内表达为简化概括，不能推广为所有脚本实现均不编译。

U3-S10

Scripting languages came about largely because of the development of the Internet as a communications tool.

脚本语言的产生很大程度上是因为因特网成为一种通信工具。

came about译“产生”；largely译“主要／很大程度上”；as a communications tool译“作为通信工具”。

U4-S01

A programming language, such as C, FORTRAN or Pascal, enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer.

编程语言，例如C、FORTRAN或Pascal，使程序员能够编写或多或少独立于特定类型计算机的程序。

主干language enables a programmer to write programs；that修饰programs；more or less不可漏译。

U4-S02

Assembly languages are considered low-level because they are very close to machine languages.

汇编语言被认为是低级语言，因为它们非常接近机器语言。

are considered low-level是被动结构；because引原因；close不是“关闭”。

U4-S03

The main advantage of high-level languages over low-level languages is that they are easier to read, write, and maintain.

高级语言比低级语言的主要优势在于它们更易读、易写和易维护。

主干the main advantage ... is that ...；over表示比较；read、write、maintain三个动作要齐全。

U4-S04

Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers.

机器语言是计算机唯一能理解的语言。

understood by computers修饰languages；译出only的限定。

U4-S05

An assembly language contains the same instructions as a machine language, but the instructions and variables have names instead of being just numbers.

汇编语言包含与机器语言相同的指令，但指令和变量有名称，而不仅仅是数字。

but表示对比；instead of being just numbers表示“不仅用数字表示”。

U4-S06

BASIC is one of the earliest and simplest high-level programming languages.

BASIC是最早、最简单的高级编程语言之一。

one of +形容词最高级+复数名词；earliest和simplest都要译。

U4-S07

COBOL is particularly popular for business applications that run on large computers.

COBOL特别适用于在大型计算机上运行的商业应用。

business applications译“商业／业务应用”；that run ...修饰applications。

U4-S08

FORTRAN is the oldest high-level programming language.

FORTRAN是最古老的高级编程语言。

这是题库原句，按课内措辞识别；不要据此展开未经核对的历史论证。

U4-S09

C is a high-level programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in the mid 1970s.

C是由Dennis Ritchie在20世纪70年代中期于贝尔实验室开发的一种高级编程语言。

题库写mid 1970s；学习时保留原题识别。此句历史年代措辞需要与教材／教师口径核对，写作时可省略年代。

U4-S10

Python code is highly readable, which makes it more reusable and maintainable.

Python代码具有高度可读性，这使其更具可重用性和可维护性。

which指前面“高度可读”这一事实；reusable为可复用，maintainable为可维护。

U5-S01

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.

操作系统（OS）是管理计算机硬件和软件资源，并为计算机程序提供公共服务的系统软件。

主干OS is system software；that后manages与provides并列；resources和services不要混译。

U5-S02

A single-tasking operating system can only run one program at a time while a multi-tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running in concurrency.

单任务操作系统一次只能运行一个程序，而多任务操作系统允许多个程序并发运行。

while在此表示对照“而”；at a time为“一次”；concurrency译“并发”，不能直接等同“并行”。

U5-S03

A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer.

分布式操作系统管理一组不同的计算机，使它们看起来像一台计算机。

distinct译“不同的／独立的”；them指一组计算机；single强调呈现为整体。

U5-S04

Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems.

嵌入式操作系统设计用于嵌入式计算机系统。

be designed to be used in译“被设计用于……”；embedded译“嵌入式”。

U5-S05

A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time.

实时操作系统是一种保证在指定时刻之前处理事件或数据的操作系统。

by表示“不迟于”，不是“通过”；可译“保证在指定时刻之前处理事件或数据”。

U5-S06

Interrupts are the core of an operating system because they provide an effective way for the operating system to interact with and react to its environment.

中断是操作系统的核心，因为它们为操作系统提供了一种与环境交互并做出反应的有效方式。

because引原因；interact with与react to为并列；core在此按课内句意译“核心”。

U5-S07

Modern microprocessors (CPU or MPU) support multiple modes of operation.

现代微处理器（CPU或MPU）支持多种操作模式。

modes of operation译“运行模式／操作模式”；不要将multiple漏掉。

U5-S08

Among other things, a multiprogramming operating system kernel must be responsible for managing all system memory which is currently in use by programs.

除其他职责外，多道程序设计操作系统的内核还必须负责管理程序当前正在使用的所有系统内存。

Among other things译“除其他职责外”；must为“必须”；which ...修饰memory，原中文答案略去了开头语义。

U5-S09

The use of virtual memory addressing means that the kernel can choose what memory each program may use at any given time.

使用虚拟内存寻址意味着内核可以指定每个程序在任何给定时间可以使用的内存。

means that后是宾语从句；what memory ...为choose的宾语；at any given time为“任一给定时刻”。

U5-S10

A device driver is a specific type of computer software developed to allow interaction with hardware devices.

设备驱动程序是一种特定类型的计算机软件，用于与硬件设备交互。

developed to allow ...修饰software；device driver译“设备驱动程序”。

A computer is an electronic machine that processes data according to instructions. Its hardware consists of physical components, including the processor, memory, and input and output devices. These components work together to perform different tasks.

计算机是一种按照指令处理数据的电子机器。其硬件由处理器、存储器以及输入输出设备等物理部件构成。这些部件协同工作，完成不同任务。

The central processing unit carries out arithmetic and logical operations. The control unit reads instructions and coordinates other components. Memory stores the instructions and data needed by programs. Input devices, such as keyboards, allow users to enter information, while output devices present the results.

中央处理器执行算术和逻辑运算。控制单元读取指令并协调其他部件。存储器保存程序所需的指令和数据。键盘等输入设备让用户输入信息，而输出设备呈现结果。

Understanding hardware helps us choose suitable computers and solve basic problems. However, hardware alone cannot complete useful tasks without software. Therefore, learning how hardware and software work together is an important part of computer education.

了解硬件有助于选择合适的计算机并解决基本问题。然而，硬件需要软件配合才能完成有用任务。因此，学习二者如何协同工作是计算机教育的重要内容。

Software plays an essential role in modern computers. It is commonly divided into system software and application software. Although they perform different functions, both are necessary for users to complete tasks efficiently.

软件在现代计算机中发挥重要作用。它通常分为系统软件和应用软件。虽然二者功能不同，但对于用户高效完成任务都很必要。

System software manages computer resources and provides a platform for applications. An operating system is a typical example. It manages memory, files, and hardware devices. Application software, by contrast, helps users perform specific tasks. For example, a word processor helps students write reports, while a browser allows them to access websites.

系统软件管理计算机资源，为应用程序提供平台。操作系统就是典型例子，它管理内存、文件和硬件设备。应用软件则帮助用户执行具体任务。例如，文字处理软件帮助学生写报告，浏览器让他们访问网站。

The relationship between them is clear: system software supports applications, and applications serve users. As a computer student, I should understand this relationship and select appropriate software for different purposes. This knowledge can make my study and daily work more effective.

二者关系很明确：系统软件支持应用程序，应用程序服务于用户。作为计算机专业学生，我应理解这种关系，为不同目的选择适当软件。这些知识能提高学习和日常工作的效率。

Developing a computer program requires more than writing code. A useful program should solve a clear problem and be easy to understand and maintain. In my opinion, a systematic approach is essential.

开发计算机程序不只是编写代码。一个有用的程序应该解决明确的问题，并且易于理解和维护。我认为，采用系统的方法十分必要。

First, we should analyze the problem and identify the required inputs and outputs. Next, we can design an algorithm and divide a complex task into smaller modules. Then we choose a suitable programming language and implement the design. After writing the code, we need to test the program with different inputs and correct any errors we find.

首先应分析问题，确定所需输入和输出。接着设计算法，将复杂任务分为较小模块。然后选择合适的编程语言并实现设计。写好代码后，需要使用不同输入测试程序，修正发现的错误。

Clear names and useful comments can improve readability. Testing and documentation are also important because programs often need later changes. By following these steps, students can develop reliable programs and gradually improve their problem-solving skills.

清晰的命名和有用的注释能提高可读性。测试和文档也很重要，因为程序经常需要后续修改。遵循这些步骤，学生可以开发可靠的程序，逐步提高解决问题的能力。

My favorite programming language is Python because its code is easy to read and write. For a student, readable code makes it easier to understand programming ideas and focus on solving problems.

我最喜欢的编程语言是Python，因为它的代码易读易写。对于学生而言，可读的代码更便于理解编程思想，并专注于解决问题。

Python provides many useful libraries that support different tasks. I can use it to process text, analyze simple data, and automate repetitive work. Its clear syntax also helps me check and modify my programs. When I work with classmates, readable code makes communication and cooperation easier.

Python提供支持不同任务的许多实用库。我可以用它处理文本、分析简单数据，并将重复工作自动化。其清晰语法也帮助我检查和修改程序。与同学合作时，可读的代码让沟通和协作更容易。

However, no programming language is suitable for every task. We should choose a language according to the requirements of a project. I will continue learning Python while also studying other languages. Understanding their strengths and limitations can help me become a better programmer.

不过，没有一种语言适用于所有任务。应根据项目需求选择语言。我会继续学习Python，同时学习其他语言。理解它们的优势和局限有助于我成为更好的程序员。

An operating system is an important part of a computer system. It manages hardware and software resources and provides common services for programs. Without an operating system, ordinary users would find computers much harder to use.

操作系统是计算机系统的重要组成部分。它管理硬件和软件资源，并为程序提供公共服务。没有操作系统，普通用户使用计算机会困难得多。

An operating system has several major responsibilities. It manages memory so that programs can use available resources. It also organizes files and controls access to devices through device drivers. A multitasking operating system allows several programs to make progress during the same period, helping users work more efficiently.

操作系统承担几项主要职责。它管理内存，使程序能够使用可用资源。它还组织文件，并通过设备驱动程序控制对设备的访问。多任务操作系统允许多个程序在同一时间段内推进，帮助用户更高效地工作。

Different environments require different operating systems. For example, embedded systems may have limited resources, while real-time systems must meet timing requirements. Learning these differences helps us understand how computers work and choose appropriate systems for practical tasks.

不同环境需要不同的操作系统。例如，嵌入式系统可能资源有限，而实时系统必须满足时间要求。学习这些差异有助于理解计算机工作原理，并为实际任务选择适当系统。